Kidney stones (Nephrolithiasis) (part 2)
According to the composition, renal concretions can be, depending on the main salts:
oxalate (based on oxalic acid salts – more than 80 percent of all cases of kidney stones);
urate (based on uric acid salts – about 15 percent of cases of kidney stones);
phosphate (based on phosphoric acid salts – about 5%);
carbonates (based on carbonic acid salts);
cystine;
xanthine;
protein (a mild type of kidney stones);
cholesterol;
mixed.
The shape of kidney stones can be:
round;
oval;
coral-like (of a bizarre shape, with branches).
The hardest in consistency are cystine and oxalate stones.
Diagnosis of kidney stones
The diagnosis of kidney stones can be divided into four stages:
heredity (studying the pattern of morbidity in other family members and close relatives);
self-observation and analysis of the clinical picture based on the symptoms noted by the patients themselves;
laboratory diagnostics;
instrumental diagnostics.
If there is information about kidney stones in close relatives of the patient, it is possible to draw the first conclusions about the inclusion of the patient in the "risk group". If the pattern of self–observation includes, for example, periodic pain in the lower back or side, the appearance of blood and small stones in the urine, the next stage – laboratory tests - will perform only confirming functions.
Laboratory diagnostics involves the following set of studies:
clinical blood test (for signs of anemia, leukocytosis, as well as other symptoms of concomitant infections);
biochemical blood analysis (concentration of uric acid, calcium, magnesium, inorganic phosphorus and other signs of metabolic disorders);
general urine analysis (search for crystallized salts, assessment of the level of leukocytes, erythrocytes, bacteria);
samples of Amburge, Nechiporenko, Addis-Kakovsky;
biochemical analysis of urine (detection of salts and amino acids);
inoculation for bacterial flora.
As part of the instrumental diagnosis, the urologist most often uses:
ultrasound examination of the kidneys;
overview and contrast X-ray examination;
cystoscopy (examination performed in case of suspected stones in the ureters);
radioisotope nephroscintigraphy (a method for diagnosing complications of kidney stone disease, which, however, has many contraindications);
magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography.
Due to the maximum accessibility and high information content, the main method of instrumental diagnosis of kidney stone disease is ultrasound examination. With the help of ultrasound, it is possible to detect not only the stones themselves and assess their shape and size, but also to examine the anatomical changes that are left by the stones (especially important when moving kidney stones). However, ultrasound is practically useless in cases where stones form in the ureters. Since the latter are located deep behind the peritoneum, it is extremely difficult to find and detect them using ultrasound diagnostics. Тракциона батерија https://batteriesserbia.com/ за виљушкар у Србији.
oxalate (based on oxalic acid salts – more than 80 percent of all cases of kidney stones);
urate (based on uric acid salts – about 15 percent of cases of kidney stones);
phosphate (based on phosphoric acid salts – about 5%);
carbonates (based on carbonic acid salts);
cystine;
xanthine;
protein (a mild type of kidney stones);
cholesterol;
mixed.
The shape of kidney stones can be:
round;
oval;
coral-like (of a bizarre shape, with branches).
The hardest in consistency are cystine and oxalate stones.
Diagnosis of kidney stones
The diagnosis of kidney stones can be divided into four stages:
heredity (studying the pattern of morbidity in other family members and close relatives);
self-observation and analysis of the clinical picture based on the symptoms noted by the patients themselves;
laboratory diagnostics;
instrumental diagnostics.
If there is information about kidney stones in close relatives of the patient, it is possible to draw the first conclusions about the inclusion of the patient in the "risk group". If the pattern of self–observation includes, for example, periodic pain in the lower back or side, the appearance of blood and small stones in the urine, the next stage – laboratory tests - will perform only confirming functions.
Laboratory diagnostics involves the following set of studies:
clinical blood test (for signs of anemia, leukocytosis, as well as other symptoms of concomitant infections);
biochemical blood analysis (concentration of uric acid, calcium, magnesium, inorganic phosphorus and other signs of metabolic disorders);
general urine analysis (search for crystallized salts, assessment of the level of leukocytes, erythrocytes, bacteria);
samples of Amburge, Nechiporenko, Addis-Kakovsky;
biochemical analysis of urine (detection of salts and amino acids);
inoculation for bacterial flora.
As part of the instrumental diagnosis, the urologist most often uses:
ultrasound examination of the kidneys;
overview and contrast X-ray examination;
cystoscopy (examination performed in case of suspected stones in the ureters);
radioisotope nephroscintigraphy (a method for diagnosing complications of kidney stone disease, which, however, has many contraindications);
magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography.
Due to the maximum accessibility and high information content, the main method of instrumental diagnosis of kidney stone disease is ultrasound examination. With the help of ultrasound, it is possible to detect not only the stones themselves and assess their shape and size, but also to examine the anatomical changes that are left by the stones (especially important when moving kidney stones). However, ultrasound is practically useless in cases where stones form in the ureters. Since the latter are located deep behind the peritoneum, it is extremely difficult to find and detect them using ultrasound diagnostics. Тракциона батерија https://batteriesserbia.com/ за виљушкар у Србији.